Joyce johnson minor characters pdf download

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Minor characters Item Preview. EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Concerning the already mentioned ambivalence of the postwar era, the many diverse aspects of the Beat Generation must be taken into consideration in order to attain a useful evaluation of its relevance for modern America. Therefore, alongside the sociopolitical dimension of the Beat counterculture, Beat literature can not be analyzed nor categorized without reference to Beat lifestyle and spirituality.

A rigorous examination of the Beat Generation as a literary group explains and clarifies their bipolarity in this respect cf. Bendel While Beats were often seen as a marauding and subversive group of society- scorning young people by sociologists and politicians of their time, literary critics refused their work mostly because of the obscenity and the immoral behavior displayed in their writings.

Only towards the end of the 20th century Beat literature found its way into the academic world as literary and social scientists began to differentiate the terms Beat and Beatnik precisely in order to describe specific styles and parallels to other trends.

But defining the terminological and contentual limitations of Beat literature turns out to be rather difficult since the Beat Generation is an extremely heterogeneous group of literary artists that derived from the special social circumstances of the postwar era cf. Stephenson 7. Their works comprise 1 The poem Howl contains many references to illicit drugs and sexual practices. On the basis of one line in particular Customs officials seized copies of the poems on March 25, City Lights Publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti was subsequently arrested and sued for publishing.

The American Civil Liberties Union posted bail and provided legal defense, and after a well-publicized trial, on October 3, , Judge Clayton Horne declared that Howl and other poems was not obscene cf. Hemmer But, according to John Clelllon Holmes, the authors remain instinctive individuals cf. In a way, their individuality seems to be the only universal and collectivizing factor for being a member of the Beat Generation. Jack Kerouac explained this beatific spiritual quest by postulating termed feelings like poor, down-and-out or dead-beat cf.

However, the Beat Generation does not have a comprehensive literary objective which makes it all the more difficult to outline its essence in only a few words, especially since people like Neal Cassady2 or Herbert Huncke3, who did not actually contribute much literary work, had an immense impact on the development of many Beat writers.

Furthermore, the Beat Generation evolved around the sphere of many different authors and poets from e. According to Gregory Stephenson, the creative period of the beat generation can be segmented into two main periods from - and - cf. These were the years of conceptualization in terms of finding a way to express the feeling of their generation while establishing a network of like-minded 2Jack Kerouac confirmed him to be the role model for many of his main characters like Dean Moriarty in On the Road or Cody in Visions of Cody.

Subsequent Beat writings then combined these styles with direct expression of mind, no censorious revision, factualism and surrealism. The propinquity of the war years, as well as the escalating cold war had a tremendous impact on the self-conception of not only Beat-poets but many other artists like Bebop- and Jazz-musicians, painters and modern dancers 4.

Tendencies of spontaneous, improvised artistry can be discovered in their work throughout the second half of the s and early s. Therefore, it stands to reason that the extremes of the postwar years fueled a mentality of individual exploration in terms of escape from traditional standards and behavioral norms.

Johnson and Grace 4 , a group of individuals with common beliefs and interests, seems more and more reasonable. The growing interest in Beat women encouraged many female writers to compile their memoirs and initiated the profound study of already existing female Beat writing.

Analyzing the aforementioned major works of Kerouac, Burroughs and Ginsberg leads to the assumption that male Beat literature only imbibed the traditional sexual stereotyping of its time. Kerouac 3. After this introductory note of a female character, there is no further appearance of a similar kind that would allow an assumption about the consideration of female thoughts.

In this respect, Elliot D. A very befitting choice for On The Road. Johnson and Grace 6. As for William S. I live with the constant threat of possession, and a constant need to escape from possession, from Control. So the death of Joan brought me in contact with the invader, the Ugly Spirit, and maneuvered me into a lifelong struggle, in which I have no choice except to write my way out.

As a result, Burroughs exalts his own creative autobiography above the 7 On the evening of September 6, , Burroughs shot and killed his wife during a drunken game of Wilhelm Tell. Just like the real-life-case of transfiguration of domestic violence that is mentioned above, the often displayed image of a violent, criminal Junkie 9 embraces the partly misogynistic outlaw-aspect of the Beat ethos. Burroughs himself delivered the most prominent examples of literary murder, rape and bizarre acts of violence in his novel Naked Lunch.

In the light of the displayed violence in postwar American literature, S. Gilbert and S. Gubar argue that the events of the Second World War engendered a bipolar male conception of women as sexual objects of desire on the one hand, and domestic mothers and sweethearts on the other hand cf. It stands to reason that the literary depiction of violence against women by male authors of the postwar era e. Salinger or One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kessey is based, to some extent, on a feeling of uncertainty towards the growing power of women.

Thus, as much as male Beat poets were susceptible to literary innovation, they were caught in the prevalent gender construction of their time. Women hardly experienced versatile opportunities for artistic development in the Beat-milieu since their assigned roles as lovers, muses, providers and mothers left only small room for matters of self-realization like traveling, for instance.

Burroughs first published novel. It was published under his pseudonym William Lee in Kerouac 8 often represented by women and families , the act of dropping out and traveling the country must have seemed almost impossible for most women as they were bound to a certain kind of domesticity after all.

Kyger The effort to be chick, mother and creative artist led down a spiral towards madness and death. McNeil Undoubtedly, the women of the Beat-milieu were exposed to significant pressure in several aspects. According to Ronna C. Johnson and Nancy M. The women of the Beat Generation 3. While most female Beat authors were born in the s, men were indeed older and much more established during the first height of the Beat Generation.

Johnson and Grace explain this situation as follows: So pervasive was the postwar acquiescence to cold war conformist gender and political ideologies that precocious nonconformist white women in the fifties had to jump a generation to the older Beats to find a remotely sympathetic reflection of their unconventional aspirations to think for themselves.

Johnson and Grace 7 Deviating from the periodization of Beat-creativity mentioned above, female writers who are assigned to the Beat movement can be subdivided into three major generations. Just like their male counterparts some of them are closer to the early years of Beat bohemia than others. Although not conventionally associated with the founding group of Beat poets, women writers like Madeline Gleason , Helen Adam , and ruth weiss10 form a group of female progenitors in Beat literature that is 10 e.

She was born and raised in Berlin. After the imprisonment of her father the family fled to the United States in As a survivor of the Holocaust, she later registered her antipathy for nazi totalitarianism by rejecting the conventions of her native language, electing in the s to spell her name in all lower case.

Hemmer ! Resembling their lifeworld, this first generation is shaped by the seismic proportions of the Second World War and the perpetual menace of global destruction. As a consequence, they mapped out a life devoted to new literary models, art, and self-definition in accordance with their nuclear cold war-era experience cf. Johnson and Grace The following younger generation of women Beat writers was born in the s and shared community with the well-known male Beat writers.

To mention but a few, second-generation female Beat writers include e. Each of them contributed distinctively to the corpus of poetry, fiction, and life writing. William S. LeRoi Jones. Theirs are the names primarily associated with the Beat Generation. Twenty-one-year-old Joyce Johnson, an aspiring novelist and a secretary at a New York literary agency, fell in love with Jack Kerouac on a blind date arranged by Allen Ginsberg nine months before the publication of On the Road made.

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